2.+Absolutism


 * Absolutism**


 * Resources:Textbook:** Chapter 4, [|History Guide,]

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SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5
 * Vocabulary**
 * absolute monarch** - a ruler with complete authority
 * divine right**- believes that your authority to rule comes from God
 * armade** - a fleet of ships
 * intendant**- royal officals who collect taxes recruit soldiers and carry out his policies in the provinces
 * levee**- morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon King Louis XIV
 * balance of power**- a distrubution of military and economic power that would prevent any one nation from dominating Europe
 * dissenter** -one who disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, etc. In the history of England and Wales it refers particularly to a member of a religious body who has, for one reason or another, separated from the Established Church
 * habeas corpus**-when prisoners seek release. A habeas corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another's detention or imprisonment
 * limited monarchy**-is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the perimeters of a constitution
 * westernization**- adopting western tradtions, cultures, technology,ideas,etc.
 * boyar**- landowning noble in Russia uner the czars
 * warm-water port**- port that is free of ice all year
 * partition**- divide

Section 1 Part 1: Europeans explore the seas - By the 1400's, the demand for foreign goods, including spices, which were used to preserve food, add flavor to meats, and make medicines, was high all over Europe. - Europeans sought an all-water route to Asia that bypassed the Mediterranean Sea to bring the riches of Asia to Europe, especially the Atlatic powers such as Spain and Portugal. - Improvements in technology, such as the astrolabe and the caravel, along with larger and bettere ships, made it easier for Europeans to conquer the vast oceans of the world. Part 2: Portugal -In the 1400s Portugal became so strong that they expanded into the Muslim part of North Africa. They seized Ceuta in 1415. -Prince Henry known as Henry the Navigator hoped to expand Christianity and find the sorce of African gold. -At Sagres Henry prepared plans for his long voyages to the western coast of Africa. -Henry then ended up dying in 1460 leaving the Portuguese to continue his quest. Bartholomeu Dias took his ship and found the sea route to Asia called the Cape of Good Hope. -In 1497 Vasco da Gama led four ships around the Cape of Good Hope to find the spice port of Calicut. But on the voyage home the Portuguese lost half of their ships and many of their soldiers died. Many died from a disease called the scurvy a disease cause by a lack of vitamin C. Part 3 Columbus Sails to the West An Italian navigator from the port of Genoa, Christopher Columbus, wanted to reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. Columbus made two errors: greatly underestimated the size of the earth and had no ideas two continents lay in his path. // Voyages of Columbus // Columbus persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage. On August 3, 1492, Columbus sailed west with three small ships, the //Pinta,// the //Nina,// and the //Santa Maria.// On October 12, they landed in the Caribbean islands and called the people of the region Indians. In 1493, Pope Alexander the VI set a line of demarcation dividing the non European world into two zones. In 1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral a Portuguese captain landed in Brazil, and claimed it for Portugal. // Naming the World // Amerigo Vespucci a mapmaker labeled the region America the islands Columbus had explored. The islands in the Caribbean became known as the West Indies. Part 4 The search continues Europeans continues to seek new routs around or through the Americas. On September 20, 1519 Portuguese noble Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with five ships. // Pearls at Sea // Magellan sailed his ships south and west hoping for a bay that would lead to the pacific. In November 1520, Magellan ships entered brutal storms, emerged from this lashing into Balbo’s South Sea, renamed the pacific-peaceful-ocean. // Circumnavigating the globe // This mission accomplished most of the crew wanted to return to Spain. Magellan however insisted that three more weeks would bring them to the Spice Islands. March 1521 the fleet reached to the Philippines, were Magellan was killed when getting involved in a local conflict. In the end only one ship and 18 sailors completed the voyage. The Spanish held them as the first people to circumnavigate or sail around the word. // Search for a North West passage // No one found the hope –for route to Asia but the search from the North West passage continued for centuries. Part 5 Looking Ahead The European Age of Exploration set up a period of growing global interdependence that continues today. __**SECTION 2**__ **__Rebuilding France__ ** -Henry IV's goal he said was "A chicken in every pot" which is meant to be interpreted as a good Sunday dinner for every peasant. -Henry IV laid out the foundations for a royal absolutism -Richelieu was a cruel, greedy business man. -Richelieu wanted to have the most power along with the Sun King, Louis XIV, therefore he wanted to get rid of anyone who had power
 * Main Ideas**

__**Louis XIV, the Sun King**__(Jillian Salwach) - In an uprising, the Fronde, nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor rebelled each for different reasons. - After the death of Mazarin, Louis decided to take over the government himself. -Louis IV firmly believed in divine right and took the sun as the symbol of absolute power. -Louis often quoted “ I am state.” - Louis cemented ties between middle class and the monarchy by giving government jobs to wealthy middle-class men. - Under Louis XIV, the French army became the strongest in Europe. -Colbert's policies, Louis XIV financial minister, helped make France the wealthiest state in Europe.

**__Versailles, symbol of Royal Power__ **(Cate Homanick) - Louis XIV turned a royal hunting lodge into an immense palace of Versailles. It was the most magnificent building. It could house at least 10,000 people. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Court ceremonies <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Each morning at the palace was an elaborate ceremony for the king and than at night- the same in reverse. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Levee Rituals served a serious purpose. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Louis lured nobles into Versailles and turned them into courtiers, rather than warriors <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">battling for power.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Cultural Flowering <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Louis XIV sponsored musical entertainment and commissioned plays by the best <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">writers. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. The age of Louis was the age of classical French drama. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Louis sponsored the French academies.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Successes and Failures__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- during the 72 years Louis XIV was king, French culture, manners, and customs replaced those of Renaissance Italy as the standard for European taste <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Wars of Louis XIV <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. tried to expand French boarders <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. at first he did gain territory, then rival rulers joined forces to check French ambitions c. these alliances fought to maintain the balance of powers <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">d. in 1700 Louis’s grandson, Philip V inherited the throne of Spain <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Persecution of the Huguenots <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. in 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. the persecution of the Huguenots was a loss to the French economy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Looking Ahead__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- when Louis XIV died in 1715, his five-year-old son inherited the throne as Louis XV Section 4 Summary -Thirty Years' War was started because religion divided the German states so the demand for power was overwhelming and eventually became violent. -The war had both religious and political causes. -Spain, Poland, and other Catholic states were allies against Protestant powers like the Netherlands and Sweden. -It is estimated that one-third of the people in the German states may have died as a result of war. -A treaty was established known as the Peace of Westphalia. -France gained territory on both its Spanish and German frontiers. -The Netherlands and the Swiss Federation won recognition as independent states. -The Thirty Years' War left Germany divided into more than 360 separate states. -The German states still formally acknowledge the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire, but had its own government, coinage, armed forces, and foreign policy.

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__The Rise Of Prussia.__ <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-While Russia was making a strong Catholic state, Prussia became a new Protestant power. -The Hohenzollern family scattered lands across north Germany and united lands by taking over states between them. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Like all the absolute rulers of their time they reduced the independence of the nobles, called Junkers. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Fredrick William I forged one of the best-trained armies in Europe. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Fredrick won the loyalty of the Junkers by giving them positions in the government and army. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Fredrick I made sure his son was trained in the art of war from an early age. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Young Fredrick would rather play the flute and write poetry, but his father despised this and treated him so badly that his son tried to flee the country. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-When Fredrick I found out about his son’s plan, he put him in solitary confinement and beheaded his friend while made he made his son watch. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-After becoming prince, Fredrick II used his army in no time. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-He sparked the War of the Austrian Succession <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-He also forced all to accept Prussia as a great power and earned the name Fredrick the Great. = Absolute Monarchy In Russia [Section 5] =


 * Peter the Great **
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This Czar started controlling government in 1689
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Strengthened Russia and expanded Russian territory
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Started policy of westernization after setting out to study western technology in European cities
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Forced boyars, to serve the state in civilian or military jobs
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When palace guards revolted, he tortured and executed over 1,000 of them


 * <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Expansion Under Peter **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As czar, Peter created the largest standing army in Europe and wanted to expand the Russian borders to the south and the west.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To gain control of this territory, Peter had to push through the powerful Ottoman empire.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peter and his army could not defeat the Ottomans.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Russian monarch, Catherine the Great achieved the goal before the end of the century.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1700, Peter began a long war against the kingdom of Sweden.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peter rebuilt his army and defeated the Swedes and won land along the Baltic Sea
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">On land won from Sweden, Peter built a magnificent new capital city, St. Petersburg.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">St. Petersburg became the great symbol of Peter's desire to forge a modern Russia.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under Peter, Russia signed a treaty with Qing, China
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The treaty defined their common border in the east
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The treaty recognized Russia's right to lands north of Manchuria.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the early 1700s, Peter hired the Danish navigator Vitus Bering to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska.

** Legacy of Peter the Great **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peter died in 1725, he left behind a mixed legacy.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He expanded Russians territory, gained ports on the Baltic Sea, created a mighty army, and from 1700's on Russia was increasingly involved in the affairs of Western Europe which ended Russia's long period of isolation.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From the 1700's on Russia would be increasingly involved with the affairs of Western Europe.
 * Many of his ambitious reforms died with him. Nobles, for example, soon ignored his policy of service to the state.
 * His policies contributed to the growth of serfdom, which served only to widen the gap between Russia and the West that Peter had sought to narrow


 * <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Catherine The Great **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Was the new monarch after Peter The Great.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">She was a German princess by birth.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Had moved to Russia at the age of 15.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Followed the Russian Orthodox faith. In 1762, Czar Peter(her mentally unstable husband) was murdered by Russian army officers.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Took upon the Russian throne herself with the help of the military.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">She was an efficient ruler.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Encouraged French language and customs.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">She reorganized provincial government, codified laws, and began state-sponsored education for boys and girls.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Allowed people to have more peasants.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Took over the eastern part of Poland.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Looking Ahead **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mid 1700’s - Absolute monarchs ruled all of Europe’s leading powers except Britain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The five nations end up fighting to maintain the balance of power.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Radical changes would soon :

<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Shatter French Monarchy <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -Upset the balance of power <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -Revolutionize European societies
 * Primary Sources**


 * Connections to Today**