1.+Renaissance

**Renaissance and Reformation**

 * Resources: Textbook Chapter 1, [|History Guide] , [|qwiki]**

Patron Humanism Humanities Perspective Engraving Vernacular Utopian Indulgence Recant Predestination Theocracy Annul Canonize Compromise Scapegoat Ghetto Heliocentric Hypothesis Scientific Theory Gravity
 * Vocabulary:**

1


 * 1) 1. The Italian City States


 * 1) A. Italy was chosen to be the birthplace of the Renaissance because Italy was the center of the Roman Empire
 * 2) B. Italy differed from the rest of Europe in many ways:
 * 3) 1. Its cities survived the Middle Ages
 * 4) 2. Its northern city states were prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing
 * 5) 3. Contributed to the Rebirth (Renaissance)
 * 6) 4. Made sure that education, individual achievement and art was a big part of their lifestyle


 * 1) C. Florence was the heart of the Renaissance
 * 2) 1. A lot of poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists all came out of Florence
 * 3) 2. The Medici family came from Florence and ruled it as well.
 * 4) 3. Artists would go to the Medici’s home to paint and study the arts.

A. A time of creativity and change in political, social, economic, and cultural areas
 * 1) 2. What was the Renaissance?
 * 1) B. A new worldview
 * 2) 1. Time of cultural reawakening and interest in classical learning’s of Greece and Rome
 * 3) 2. Set out to redo the disorder and disunity of the medieval world
 * 4) 3. Monks and scholars of the Middle Ages preserved much of the classical heritage
 * 5) 4. The Renaissance provided new attitudes toward culture and learning
 * 6) C. Spirit of Adventure
 * 7) 1. Many set out with a new feeling of adventure to explore new worlds
 * 8) D. Humanism
 * 9) 1. Began in Italian Renaissance
 * 10) 5. Focused on worldly objects rather than religious views

3. Golden Age of the Arts A. Isabella d’Este of Mantua and other wealthy or powerful people were important patrons of the arts
 * 1) B. Renaissance artists portrayed religious figures such as Jews and Mary
 * 2) C. Greek and Roman works were studied by Renaissance artists
 * 3) D. Donatello was a part of the Golden Age of Arts during the Renaissance
 * 4) E. Roman art was very realistic
 * 5) F. Women were not accepted as artists at first during the Renaissance
 * 6) G. Renaissance architects rejected the Gothic style of the late Middle Ages and adopted columns, arches, and domes

4. Three Geniuses of the Renaissance Art A. Leonardo 1. Born in 1452 2. Made sketches of nature and model 3. Admired for freshness and realism ` A. //Mona Lisa// B. //Last Supper// 4. Taught himself as an artist, his talents and accomplishments ranged of over many areas B. Michelangelo 1. Sculptor, engineer, architect, and poet 2. //Pieta// A. Captures the sorrow Mary as she cradles Jesus’ dead body by the cross 3. //David// A. Biblical Shepard who killed the giant Goliath 4. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel A. Took 4 years from start to finish 5. Talented architect A. Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome A. Raphael 1. His paintings blend Christian and classical styles 2. Best known for his tender portrayals of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus 3. //The School of Athens// A. Pictures an imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists 5. Italian Renaissance Writers A. Castiglione’s Ideal Courtier 1. Most widely read of these handbooks 2. Written by Baldassare Castiglione 3. Describes the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a members should have

B. Machiavelli’s Successful Prince 1. Published in 1513 2. Combined his personal experience of politics with hi knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power 2. Did not discuss leadership in terms of high ideals 3. Looked at real rulers, such as the Medici’s 4. He saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption 5. His work continues to spark debate because it raises important ethical questions about the nature of government and the use of power

Chapter 1, Section 2-The Renaissance Moves North Artists of the Northern Renaissance - Began in the cities of Flanders. - Albrecht Durer used the techniques of Italian masters in paintings and engravings. - He helped to spread the Italian Renaissance to his homeland, and he is often the “German Leonardo”. - Jan and Hubert van Eyck used realistic details and developed oil paint. - Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes and influenced later Flemish artists. - Peter Paul Rubens blended realism with the themes and freedom of the Italian Renaissance and he often portrayed pagan figures in his work. Northern Humanists Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce than hand written copies.
 * As the Italian humanists, northern European humanist scholars stressed education and classical
 * learning and they also emphasized religious themes.
 * Erasmus
 * Desiderius Erasmus a Dutch priest and a humanist called for a translation of the bible into the
 * everyday language or the vernacular. Disturbed by the corruption of the church he called for
 * reforms and he exposed the immoral behaviors through humor.
 * More
 * Thomas More a friend of Erasmus also pressed for social reforms. Utopian, he describes an
 * ideal society; today the word utopian has come to describe any ideal society.
 * 1) Francois Rabelias
 * - Monk, Physician, Greek Scholar, Author
 * - Novel = Adventures of two giants, Comic tale of travel/war, & Opinions on religion/education
 * 2) William Shakespeare
 * - English poet/playwright
 * - 23 years = 23 plays, follies of young people in love, power struggles of English kings, etc.
 * - Created over 1,700 words in the English language
 * 3) Miguel de Cervantes
 * - 1600's = Don Quixote
 * John Gutenburg printed the first complete Bible using the first printing press in 1456.

Because books were cheaper more people learned to read and they gained more knowledge to medicine, law, astrology, and mining.